Reconstructive Strategies for Distal Lower Extremity Defects: A Critical Review of Free Flaps, Propeller Flaps, and Locoregional Options
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Abstract
Reconstruction of distal lower extremity defects represents a significant challenge in plastic and reconstructive surgery due to limited soft tissue coverage, compromised vascularity, and high functional demands. Over the last decades, reconstructive strategies have evolved from free flaps as a universal solution to a more individualized approach incorporating locoregional flaps, perforator-based propeller flaps, and optimized perioperative management. This review critically synthesizes current evidence regarding reconstructive options for distal leg and foot defects, focusing on clinical outcomes, complication profiles, patient selection, vascular assessment, and postoperative rehabilitation. Available data suggest that while free flaps remain indispensable for extensive and complex defects, locoregional and propeller flaps offer comparable short-term functional and aesthetic outcomes in selected cases, with reduced operative burden. However, the presence of osteosynthesis material, vascular comorbidities, and diabetic microangiopathy significantly modifies reconstructive risk. Current evidence is limited by heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and lack of high-quality comparative trials. Future research should focus on strategy-based algorithms, standardized outcome measures, and enhanced recovery protocols tailored to lower extremity reconstruction.
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